LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIAN TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEM: THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGERS

THE NEED FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES IN BRINGING BACK CHILDREN TO SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA

GENDER EDUCATION CONCERN FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANING OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN : CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND ADULT EDUCATION

LEARNING FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SOME CRISIS AREAS IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

PREPARING OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA FOR SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT THROUGH COUNSELLING

STRENGTHENING TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING INSTRUCTIONAL QUALITY AND STUDENT OUTCOMES

ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

The paper examined the challenges of out of school children in Nigeria and their implications for counselling. The report jointly released by UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Education for All Global Monitoring Report on the Number of out of School Children in Sub-Saharan Africa (2015) shows that the number of out of school children and young adolescents is on the increase, reaching 124 million in 2013. The report is more demeaning to sub-Saharan Africa, which constitute 50% of the world out of school children. The study attempted a review of the situation in sub-Saharan Africa as well as its implication for Nigeria and school counsellors. The causes of school dropout in our school system are varied which include poverty, ignorance, poor school environment, bullying, school phobia, academic problem among others. The effects of out-of-school children on parents, governments and the society were also highlighted, which include among others, high crime rate, unemployment, poor condition of service, lack of skills and certificates, low self-esteem and poor physical well-being. Based on the conclusion reached, it is therefore recommended that school counsellors, parents, communities and government should take proactive measures to encourage children and school dropouts to return back to the school.

ASSESSING THE ROLE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN ADDRESSING EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES AMONG OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

The problem of Out-of-School children is assuming an alarming dimension in Nigeria as millions of children are excluded from formal school due to social-economical, geographical, and cultural factors. Public libraries, as places that exist to provide free and equitable access to information and learning resources, have the potential to be important contributors toward addressing the educational challenges that vulnerable young people face. This paper investigates the services, programmes and facilities that public libraries are offering to out-of-school children in Nigeria. It examines how public libraries can act as non-formal education spaces providing capacity for inform and learn, digital literacies and support for academic work. The research pointed out several key issues behind Nigeria's educational challenges, including gender inequality, economic factors, children out of school, regional imbalances, lack of funding, and certain government policies. For the kids who aren't in school, the main hurdles are poverty, economic barriers, social and cultural expectations, issues related to conflict and safety, gender inequality, and poor educational facilities. The study also showcases some successful interventions and best practices from libraries that have introduced creative programs to reach out to out-of-school children. Our findings suggest that while public libraries in Nigeria aren't fully leveraged to address the educational crisis, they could be vital for reducing educational gaps if policymakers take the right steps, use resources wisely, and launch community outreach efforts. The research underscores the need for increased funding for staff training and library infrastructure, along with ideas for enhancing the future role of public libraries through closer collaboration with government agencies, NGOs, and businesses. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of reevaluating how public libraries can contribute in countries like Nigeria, working alongside various stakeholders to support all students in achieving sustainable education goals, no matter their enrolment status.

ACADEMIC STAFF INFORMATION NEEDS AND USE OF SERIAL PUBLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS OF KATSINA STATE

UNDERFUNDING AND THE MENACE OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

THE CAUSES OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA AND ITS IMPLICATION TO THE NATION

THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY- FORWARD

The paper examined the challenges of out of school children in Nigeria and their implications for counselling. The report jointly released by UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Education for All Global Monitoring Report on the Number of out of School Children in Sub-Saharan Africa (2015) shows that the number of out of school children and young adolescents is on the increase, reaching 124 million in 2013. The report is more demeaning to sub-Saharan Africa, which constitute 50% of the world out of school children. The study attempted a review of the situation in sub-Saharan Africa as well as its implication for Nigeria and school counsellors. The causes of school dropout in our school system are varied which include poverty, ignorance, poor school environment, bullying, school phobia, academic problem among others. The effects of out-of-school children on parents, governments and the society were also highlighted, which include among others, high crime rate, unemployment, poor condition of service, lack of skills and certificates, low self-esteem and poor physical well-being. Based on the conclusion reached, it is therefore recommended that school counsellors, parents, communities and government should take proactive measures to encourage children and school dropouts to return back to the school.

PROVISION OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES AT FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) BICHI, KANO STATE, NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

The paper reviewed the provision of guidance and counselling at Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria, the challenges facing the provision and the way forward. These challenges hinder the effective guidance services delivery at the College Counselling Centre. Therefore, the paper started by defining the concept of guidance services, types of services offered to students, rationale and benefits were reviewed. Based on the challenges mentioned, possible ways forward were also postulated.

REINTEGRATING OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN INTO BUSINESS EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The education system in Nigeria faces a major challenge of out-of-school children, who for many reasons are unable to pursue formal education. This study aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of reintegrating these children into business education in Nigeria. Through a literature review, the study identifies various factors that hinder the reintegration of out-of-school children into business education, such as lack of adequate funding, infrastructure, and poverty. However, the study also highlights potential solutions such as government funding, vocational training programs, and community support. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discussion on the education system in Nigeria and provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and other stakeholders in developing effective strategies to address the issue of out-of-school children and promote business education in the country.

CONSEQUENCES OF STUDENT DROP OUR ON NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

his paper explored the issue of out-of-school children in Nigeria, examining the underlying causes, the social implications, and proposing potential solutions. The revealed several factors contributing to the prevalence of out-of-school children in Nigeria, including poor funding of education, corruption, ineffective implementation of the Child Rights Act, insecurity, lack of political will, widespread poverty, and high fertility rates. The paper highlighted the social implications of out-of-school children, such as increased security challenges, a future shortage of skilled manpower, a negative international image, high illiteracy rates, and significant socioeconomic and dependency issues. To address these challenges, the paper recommended that the federal, state, and local governments develop targeted programs to reduce the number of out-of-school children. It also emphasized the need for adequate funding of the education sector across all levels of government to ensure accessible and quality education for all children in Nigeria.

A STUDY ON THE PSYCHOMETRUC PROPERTIES OF 2022/2023 OBJECTIVE ITEMS OF MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION EXAMINATION AMONG NCE II STUDENTS OF FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) BICHI, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

The paper determined the psychometric properties of 2022/2023 Measurement and Evaluation among NCE II students of Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria. Three objectives and three research questions was guided by the study. The design used by the study was ex post facto. The population of the study was one thousand five hundred and seventy-three (1573) and a sample size of three hundred and six (306) were selected as subjects through cluster and simple random sampling techniques. The results of the objectives answer sheet for the students who sat for 2022/2023 Measurement and Evaluation in Federal College of Education Technical Bichi were collected and analyzed in order to obtained the p-value , discrimination index and distractor effectiveness through Statistical Package for the social Sciences in accordance with Classical Test Theory perspective (CTT). The study revealed that that the objectives items number 2, 8, 9, 12 and 20 were difficult to the students whereas item 1,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18 and 19 were not difficult. The study revealed that the objectives item number 6, 9 and 10 discriminate well among high and low achievers. Similarly, item number 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 and 20 do not discriminate well among high and low achievers. The study finally revealed that option A Item number 8,9 and 20 were not functional distractors. But all other items were effective functional distractors. Similarly, in option B ITEM number 9,10,13 and 17 were functional not distractors. Moreover, in Option C, item number 9 and 16 were not functional distractors. Finally, in option D item number 1,2,34,13,15,16 and 17 were found to have low distractor effectiveness. The paper concluded that Majority of the items do not discriminate between high and low achievers and that finally most of the items are functional distractors. The paper recommended that Item analysis after every semester examination should be conducted for the course and there should be item analysis of other courses such as Psychology, Guidance and counseling.

IMPACT OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN ON ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

The persistent issue of out-of-school children in Nigeria poses a significant challenge to the nation's educational system, particularly in the arts and social sciences. These disciplines, essential for fostering critical thinking, cultural development, and societal progress, have witnessed declining enrollment due to the growing number of children excluded from formal education. This study examines the multidimensional impacts of outof-school children on art and social science education, highlighting factors such as poverty, inadequate infrastructure, cultural barriers, and gender disparities. The findings reveal that the reduced participation in these fields not only hinders the development of creative and analytical skills but also limits the nation's ability to address pressing social and cultural issues. Recommendations include improving access to quality education, reforming curricula to make arts and social sciences more relevant, offering financial support for disadvantaged students, and promoting awareness of the importance of these fields. Addressing these challenges is critical for enhancing educational equity and ensuring that the arts and social sciences continue to contribute to Nigeria’s socioeconomic and cultural development.

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: IMPACTS ON REDUCING THE OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

This article, titled: “Inclusive Education: Impacts on Reducing the Out-of-School Children in Nigeria”. The paper focused on assessing the approaches of Inclusive Education in Nigeria in relation to redeeming the rate of out-of-school children. The article examined the concepts of Inclusive Education and concept of Out-of-school Children. It identified the goals of inclusive education. It also outlined the challenges of inclusive education in Nigeria and, it stated the impacts of inclusive education in reducing the rates of out-ofschool children in Nigeria. The paper recommends among others: Government at all levels and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), United Nations Agencies, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) should provide more infrastructural projects to schools to promote inclusive education programme; and Parents and community members through Parents Teachers Association (PTA) and School-Based Management Committee (SBMC), should provide adequate support to the school by fully involving in school affairs and education of their children, to enable them learn and realize their potentials.

OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND WAY FORWARD

One of the major problem facing Nigeria as country is how to address the problem of out of school children. Every year the population of out of school children keeps increasing. It has been observed that there is 20 million out of school children. This paper examined the causes responsible for out of school children in Nigeria among other things the paper discussed are: concept of out of school children, and the paper suggested the way forward for the eradication of the problem.

BASIC EDUCATION AND OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND THE POSSIBLE INTERVENTION

Nigeria has the largest number of out – of – school children in the world it is estimated that one in every five out – of – school children around the globe is in Nigeria. Even though basic education is free and compulsory in the country about 10.5 million children aged 5 to 14 years are out of school. About 50 percent of these children live in the north region. This paper examine out of school children in Nigeria and factors that contribute to the incidence of out of school children such as early child marriage, economic barriers, conflict, socio-cultural norms and lack of inclusive policies practices in school. Lastly, the paper give out some recommendations as a way of tacking the problems that is both governmental and non-governmental efforts are necessary to tackle the current situation through the use of education innovation such as the accelerated education programme, combined with their conventional interventions such as rebuilding and expanding of infrastructures, more enrolment sensitization, Economic intervention, improved security and legal enforcement.

GENDER DIFFERENCE ON IRT ANALYSIS OF PYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE 2015 KANO STATE MATHEMATICS SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE QUALIFYING EXAMINATION IN DALA EDUCATION ZONE, KANO STATE

"Gender Difference on IRT Analysis of psychometric properties of the 2015 Kano State Mathematics Senior Secondary Qualifying Examination in Dala Education Zone " is a study that sought to investigate the difficulty, discrimination and guessing-indices of the multiple-choice items of the examination. Three (3) hypotheses stating no significant differences in the mean difficulty, discrimination and guessing indices of items in relation to gender were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study employed the Item Response Theory (IRT) and Item Analysis as theoretical and conceptual framework respectively. Fourteen Thousand, Five Hundred and Twelve (14,512) (student's scripts were the total population of the study. The sample size used was 370 using the Research Advisors (2006) table and multi stage cluster sampling as the sampling technique. The instrument used for the study was the Scripts of students in Mathematics multiple choice examinations set and administered by KERD in 2015. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean difficulty and discrimination indices of the 2015 Mathematics SSCQE items for male and female students, while there is a significant difference on the guessing indices for male and female students.The paper finally recommended that Further studies on item analysis of SSCQE on mathematics and other subjects should be carried out in other zones of the state. In addition, Further studies on item analysis should be investigated on boarding school students and on mixed schools students to determine the effect of gender on the variables.

CHALLENGES OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF SCHOOL HEADS

This article, titled “Challenges of Out-of-School Children: The Role of School Heads”, examines the antecedence of out-of-school children in the phase of national and international perspectives. It examines the concept of school children; and concept of outof-school children. The paper also identified the challenges associated with out-of-school children in Nigeria as: poverty; security threat; inadequate funding of education; inadequate infrastructures; poor quality of teaching; socio-cultural/religious factor; poor implementation of school feeding programme; lack of employment opportunities; and corruption. Thus, the role of school heads in tackling the issue of out-of-school children in Nigeria are also identified, which include: provision and allocation of adequate resources; effective supervision of instruction; capacity building for teachers; provision of effective counselling unit; improving school environment; promotion of school-community relations; proper implementation of school feeding programme; provision of School Security initiatives; and monitoring and evaluation. The article comes up with the following recommendations, among which are: government at all levels should make adequate provision of adequate teaching and learning materials to improve quality of teaching and learning especially, on skills development (life skills and employability skills) to enable retention and transition of learners in the school; there should be proper use of school-community relations policy and of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to assist children especially those from poor/disadvantaged family background to sponsor their schooling to realize their potentials as well; and government and private individuals should joint hands provide more skills acquisition centres to engage the out-of-school children and equip them with various training they may need to become selves-employed and productive in the society.

RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHES: AN EXPLORATORY PERSPECTIVE

In the realm of research, reliability stands as a cornerstone of methodological rigor and credibility. It refers to the consistency of a measure or instrument, ensuring that the same results can be replicated under consistent conditions. Consistency is crucial for the validity of research findings, influencing the confidence that researchers and stakeholders can place in the results. The purpose of this study is to delve into the multifaceted concept of reliability to assess the various approaches in determining the reliability of research instruments in educational research. The study used an exploratory research technique and relied on information from previous studies and publications, including journals, textbooks, periodicals, and as well the internet. Various forms of reliability, including testretest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency are discussed to underscore their roles in the educational research process. Methods for assessing reliability, such as Cronbach's alpha, Kuder-Richardson, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Pearson Correlation Coefficient are examined to provide researchers with practical knowledge for enhancing the reliability of their instruments. The article also addresses common challenges and strategies to overcome these challenges in achieving reliable measurements in education, including best practices and future direction in reliability research. Thus, by emphasizing the importance of reliable research instruments, this article aims to guide educational researchers in developing and implementing tools that yield consistent and trustworthy results, thereby contributing to the advancement of educational theory and practice.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS IN SCHOOL DISCIPLINE

This paper examines the role of educational psychology teachers in school discipline which cannot be over emphases, school disciplinary policies and practices are essential features in life of students in schools. Conventional approaches to school discipline including conduct codes and security methods, suspension, corporal punishment and teacher’s methods of managing students’ behavior rely primarily on deference, control and punishment to maintain orderliness. The conceptual clarification of the terms, causes of indiscipline in schools and the role of educational psychology teachers in maintaining schools discipline are examined and it was recommended that all hands must be on deck to curtail the problem such as educational psychologists, counselors, school administrators, community, parents and government has a vital role to play and also everyone in the community should be involved, school system and community agencies especially law enforcement, medical and juvenile service.

PERCEPTION OF SMALL ANS MEDIUM ENTERPRISES OWNERS ON LOAN FACILITY ACCESS DURING POST FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL IN NIGERIA

This study investigates the perception of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners regarding the accessibility of loan facilities following the removal of the fuel subsidy in Nigeria. With SMEs facing increased operational costs, their need for external funding has become more critical. The study sampled 27 SME owners from a population of 45, using questionnaires for data collection. The data were analyzed through tables and percentages to explore how SME owners perceive the availability and ease of accessing loans under the current economic climate. The findings reveal that despite the heightened need for financial support, SME owners face significant challenges in accessing loan facilities. Key barriers include high interest rates, complex loan application processes, and stringent lending conditions imposed by financial institutions. While loans are deemed essential for business survival and growth, many SMEs are unable to meet the requirements to secure financing. This situation is exacerbated by the economic pressures following the removal of the fuel subsidy. The study concludes that to improve SME access to loan facilities, financial institutions should simplify loan procedures, reduce interest rates, and create specialized loan schemes. Additionally, the government should play a more active role in offering loan guarantees and implementing policies that foster SME growth. These measures will help mitigate the adverse effects of subsidy removal on SME operations and enhance their contribution to the economy. Perception of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Owners on Loan Facility Accessibility after fuel subsidy removal.

OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA, SOURCES, COMMON IMPLICATIONS, AND WAY FORWARD

This paper examined the concept of out-of-school children in Nigeria, the factors responsible for out-of-school children, the social implications of out-of-school children and suggested way forward. Secondary data were used in the paper. The paper identified causes of out-of-school children in Nigeria to include; poor funding of education, corruption, poor implementation of the Child Rights Act, insecurity problems, lack of political will to address the problems, high rate of poverty, and high fertility rate. The paper also concluded that the social implications of out-of-school children include security challenges, shortage of skilled manpower in future, bad international image, high levels of illiteracy and high socioeconomic and dependency issues. The paper recommended among other things that the federal, state and local governments should come up with programmes to address the problem of out-of-school children in Nigeria. Also, adequate funding should be allocated to the education sector at all levels of government.

THE LONG-TERM SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

Out-of-school children (OOSC) represent a critical global challenge, with long-term socioeconomic implications that affect both individual lives and broader societal development. This paper examines the causes, consequences, and potential interventions related to OOSC, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria, which has the highest number of out-of-school children worldwide. A qualitative analysis based on secondary data from sources including UNICEF, government reports, and academic studies reveals that economic barriers, socio-cultural factors, and conflict are the primary drivers of OOSC in Nigeria. The findings highlight that being out of school significantly undermines individual development, leading to poor self-esteem, limited job prospects, and increased vulnerability to criminal involvement. At the societal level, OOSC contributes to workforce shortages, poverty cycles, and social instability, ultimately hindering sustainable development. Addressing the OOSC crisis requires targeted interventions that focus on poverty alleviation, gender equality, and conflict resolution. This study concludes that a coordinated effort between policymakers, educational institutions, and communities is essential to reintegrate out-of-school children and foster long-term national development. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of educational policies and community-based initiatives aimed at reducing the number of OOSC.

REVIEW OF OPTIMIZATION DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR REAL TIME SYSTEMS: PRUNING, QUANTIZATION AND TRANSFERING LEARNING TECHNIQUES

The demand for deep learning models in real-time systems, such as autonomous vehicles and healthcare diagnostics, has grown significantly due to their ability to handle complex tasks like object detection, decision-making, and medical image analysis. However, these models are computationally expensive, making them unsuitable for deployment on resource-constrained devices. To address this challenge, optimization techniques such as pruning, quantization, and transfer learning are becoming essential. This paper explores these techniques in detail, highlighting their contributions to improving the performance of deep learning models without compromising accuracy. We discuss their practical applications in real-time systems, and present a comparative analysis of how they impact model size, inference speed, and computational efficiency. The findings suggest that a combination of these techniques can effectively enhance the performance of deep learning models in autonomous vehicles, healthcare diagnostics, and other real-time applications.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

The study of English language in Nigeria is realistically machinery for effective teacher education. This paper discusses the concept of language, language education, quality assurance and the role of English language education delivery upliftment in teacher education. This paper also highlights some challenges to quality assurance and also suggests some ways of salvaging the ussues and challenges.

ICT FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

The issue of out of school children in Nigeria is a significant challenge, with millions of children unable to access formal esucation due to various socio-economic and cultural factors. Information and Commununication Technology (ICT) holds the potential to bridge the educational gap by providing innovative solutions to engage and educate these children. This paper explores the role of ICT in addressing the issue of out of school children in Nigeria, identifies the challenges in its adoption, and proposes actionable strategies for leveraging ICT to enhance educational access and quality. This paper provides a holistic view of how ICT can be utilized in solving the issue of out of school children in Nigeria, offering both a clear picture of the challenges and tangible steps forward.

IMPEDIMENT OF TASK OF NATION BUILDING IN ALGERIA: A LESSON FOR AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

Nation-building is a critical process in the establishment of stable, unified states, yet it is often hindered by a variety of challenges. This paper provides a critical analysis of the key impediments to effective nation-building, emphasizing the complex interplay of political, social, economic, and cultural factors. It explores internal obstacles such as ethnic and sectarian conflicts, political fragmentation, weak institutions, corruption, and social inequality, all of which undermine efforts to create cohesive national identities and sustainable governance. The paper also examines the role of external influences, including international interventions, foreign aid, and globalization, which can either support or obstruct the nation-building process in Algeria which can serve as a lesson for African development. By drawing on case studies from diverse geopolitical contexts, this analysis seeks to identify strategies for overcoming these barriers, ultimately contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the nation-building process and the creation of resilient, inclusive states in Africa at large.

AN OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC HISTORY OF GUMEL EMIRATE: 1960 TO 2020 A.D.

Gumel Emirate has played a vital role in the economy of Jigawa State for decades. It has been a leading area in cattle production and trade, as well as food crop production since the emergence of the cattle trade in Maigatari in 1929. Despite the lack of attention given to the economic history of Gumel in Jigawa State, the Emirate has contributed significantly to the economic, social, and political development of Northern Nigeria, and Nigeria in general, through its various economic activities, which include agriculture, trade, and manufacturing. This paper provides an overview of economic activities in Gumel Emirate from 1960 to 2020. It explores the immense benefits that the people of Gumel have derived from agriculture and cattle production compared to other emirates in Jigawa State. The study delves into the economic activities, including agriculture, trade, and manufacturing, and also examines the impact of government policies and initiatives on these industries. The study also highlights the challenges faced by the Northeast region's economy, such as fluctuating global markets, natural disasters, and political instability, insecurity is missing. The research was conducted using primary and secondary sources, including archival records, newspaper articles, and related documents. The findings indicate that economic activities in Gumel Emirate have had a significant impact on the economic, social, and political development of Northern Nigeria and the country as a whole. The study concludes that Gumel Emirate has a rich history that deserves more attention, and its economic activities have played a key role in the development of Nigeria over the years

ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION: A PANACEA TO OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

Nigeria faces a significant challengevwithvthe rising number of out if school children, particularly in the arts and social sciences. The problem is compounded by factors such as poverty, insecurity, cultural barriers, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient teacher quality. This paper examines these challenges, highlighting the socio-economic and social factors that hinder children's access to education. Furthermore, it explores potential solutions, including increased government funding, improved teacher training, awareness campeigns, and the use of technology to reach underserved populations. The way forward requires a coordinated effort between government, private sector, and communities to ensure that every child, regardless of their socio-economic background, has access to quality education in arts and social sciences. Addressing these barriers is critical for the nation's development and the empowerment of future generation.

IMPACT AND INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND AI TOOLS USE FOR EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE ON E-LEARNING IN JIGAWA STATE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION STUDENTS

The study examines the Impact and Influence of social media and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools on the Educational Performance of Students Engaged in E-learning at Jigawa State College of Education. Data was collected through a qualitative survey questionnaire to gather comprehensive insights from students and teacher educators. The findings indicate that social media platforms and AI tools serve as significant channels for collaborative learning and peer support, facilitating information sharing and academic discussions outside traditional classroom settings. Moreover, AI tools, including adaptive learning systems and intelligent tutoring, have shown to personalize learning experiences, thereby improving student performance and retention rates. However, the study also identifies barriers such as digital literacy gaps, internet accessibility issues, and the potential for distraction and misuse of social media. The research underscores the need for targeted training programs and infrastructure improvements to maximize the benefits of these technologies. The result stated that approximately 40% of the student enrolled with e-learning was not familiar with the platform, including the AI tools to utilize it for or their learning activities while approximately 60% shows excellent performance for both e-learning and appropriate use of social media and AI tools. The implications of this study suggest that when effectively integrated, social media and AI tools can significantly enhance the elearning experience, promoting higher educational performance among students. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess long-term impacts and explore strategies to mitigate the identified challenges

GENDER EDUCATION FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

Nigeria has over 10.5 million out-of-school children, with girls constituting 57% of this population, representing a 14% national gender gap. This study examines gender disparities in education for out-of-school children across Nigeria's six geopolitical zones using descriptive research design and content analysis methodology. The findings reveal significant regional variations, with northern regions recording the highest gender gaps: North-West (24%) and NorthEast (16%) compared to southern regions averaging 2-6%. Economic barriers emerged as the primary constraint, affecting 65% of out-of-school girls compared to 35% of boys, while cultural and religious factors impact 80% of girls through early marriage practices, with 44% of girls married before age 18 nationally. Security concerns, particularly in northeastern Nigeria, have disrupted over 1,500 schools since 2009, forcing 600,000 children out of school (65% girls). Policy implementation gaps are evidenced by inadequate funding (8.2% of national budget versus UNESCO's 20% recommendation), 40% teacher shortage in rural areas, and 78% of schools lacking proper sanitation facilities for girls. The study recommends conditional cash transfer programs, community engagement with religious leaders, enhanced security measures, improved policy implementation with increased funding allocation, and expansion of alternative learning platforms to achieve gender parity in education.

REPOSITIONING TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING AS A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC MODIFICATION IN NIGERIA

The purpose of this study is to explore repositioning Technical and Vocational Education and Training and Training (TVET) in Nigeria. The research paradigm of the present study is hinged on position manuscript approach which relied upon secondary data collection method designed to gather TVET information from journals, magazines, encyclopaedia, and other articles repositories within the scope of 10 years (2010-2020). The problem that prompted the conduct of this study is youths’ restlessness, unemployment, poor linkages of TVET institutions with relevant economic sectors as well as myriad challenges faced by Technical and Vocational Education and Training practitioners. These problems resulted in economic recession, rising crime and decline of generic societal values. However, progress indices discovered in the present study revealed that investments in specialized areas of Technical and Vocational Education and Training is one of the innovative ways of reviving/or repositioning the sector. For instance, investment in Agriculture, Home Economics, Fine and Applied Arts, Electrical and Electronics, Mechatronics, Mobile Phone Technology, among others. Among the recommendations advanced is that repositioning Technical and Vocational Education and Training for sustainable national development should not be left for the government alone, private organisations should also come in by way of social corporate responsibilities in the TVET sector.

PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF SOME FROZEN MARINE FISH SPECIES SOLD IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the proximate and mineral compositions of some frozen marine fish species; Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus, Linnaeus, 1758), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Linnaeus, 1758) and Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, Linnaeus, 1758) sold in selected local government areas of Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 81 samples comprising of 27 C. harengus, 27 S. scombrus and 27 T. trachurus were sampled/purchased from the three sampling areas (Bichi, Dambatta and Gwarzo. The sampling was done on weekly basis for a period of three weeks in March, 2022. Each week 3 samples of each fish species were collected from one major cold room/fish seller of each selected local government area/sampling station. The samples were analyzed using method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2016) for proximate and mineral compositions. Results indicated that the highest crude protein content 21.51% was recorded in T. trachurus from Dambatta station, and moderate 18.04% was recorded in S. scombrus from Gwarzo station, while the least 15.28% was recorded in C. harengus from Bichi station respectively. In this study all the proximate composition parameters were affected by the species but not the collection station except carbohydrate. The mineral content composition showed that C. harengus recorded the highest Sodium content 1.69 mg/kg from Bichi Station, while S. scombrus had the least 0.38 mg/kg from Dambatta station. S. scombrus had the highest calcium content 1.24 mg/kg from Dambatta station, while C. harengus recorded the least 0.12 mg/kg) also from Bichi station. In this study all the minerals’ parameters were affected by the species but not the collection station. The study recommends T. trachurus as the best for human consumption due to its h igher protein compositions, compared to S. scombrus and C. harengus. However, the study showed that proximate and m ineral compositions of these fish species studied are within the acceptable level and safety limits which cause no harm to human, therefore, they are healthy for human consumption.

LEARNING FOR OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SOME CRISIS AREAS IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD

In crisis-affected areas, out of school children face numerous challenges that can impact their well-being, future livelihood and potential. However, education can serve as a powerful lifeline, providing emotional support, stability and hope. This article explores the transformative power of education in crisis contexts, highlighting its ability to foster resilience, promote social cohesion and offer skills and knowledge for future success. Through real-life examples and a review of the challenges and opportunities, the article demonstrates the critical need for increase support and investment for out-of-school children crisis areas, ultimately showing how learning can help them rebuild their lives and create a brighter future.

EXIT CULTURE AMONG STUDENTS IN KANO STATE: A FOCUS ON MORAL DECAY, INSTITUTIONAL DISCIPLINE AND THE HIDDEN COST OF FABRIC DESTRUCTION

The “sign-out” culture among final-year students in Nigerian institutions, once a joyful celebration of academic achievement, has gradually shifted into a practice burdened with moral lapses, weak discipline, and unnecessary financial strain. This study explores how issues of morality, institutional control, and the rising cost of living intersect with students’ destructive sign-out activities, especially the defacing and destruction of fabrics. A descriptive survey design was employed, drawing responses from 80 participants, including Ministry of Education officials, Student Affairs administrators, and final-year students in selected institutions across Kano State. The findings reveal a shared concern across all groups: sign-out culture is increasingly seen as a driver of moral decline (Mean ≈ 3.71–3.73), a source of economic pressure on families (Mean ≈ 3.79–3.82), and an activity worsened by weak policy enforcement and the influence of social media (Mean ≈ 3.83–3.84). Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed no significant differences in perception among the groups (p > 0.05), underscoring that the negative impact of the practice is widely recognized. The study concludes that sign-out culture reflects deeper institutional and societal challenges. To address this, it recommends stronger regulations within institutions, targeted awareness campaigns, and the introduction of structured, meaningful exit ceremonies. Such measures would help preserve the celebratory essence of sign-out while reducing waste and restoring values of discipline and responsibility among graduating students.

INDISPENSABILITY OF QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ENSURING QUALITY COMPUTER EDUCATION DELIVERY AT COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

This paper examines the critical role of quality assurance (QA) in the Nigeria in Education (NCE) Computer Education programme in Nigerian Colleges of Education. Computer education is one of the cornerstone of human capital development in an increasingly digitalized global economy. In Nigeria, Colleges of Education bear the mandate of training teachers to deliver this essential knowledge at the basic education level. However, achieving the intended objectives of the NCE Computer Education programme largely depends on the effectiveness of quality assurance mechanisms within these institutions. Drawing from policy documents, existing literature, and practical realities within the system, the paper discusses internal and external quality assurance processes as coordinated by institutional Quality Assurance Units and the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE). Emphasis is placed on minimum academic standards, staffing quality, adequacy of facilities, curriculum relevance, monitoring of instruction, and professional development of lecturers. The paper also identifies major obstacles to effective quality assurance, including over-enrolment, inadequate funding, shortage of qualified staff, poor infrastructure, brain drain, and declining quality of student intake. To address these challenges, the study highlights strategic measures such as enforcing professional standards in staff recruitment, ensuring manageable student–teacher and student–facility ratios, strengthening internal quality assurance structures, and mandating continuous capacity building for computer education lecturers. The paper concludes that without deliberate and sustained commitment to quality assurance, the goals of NCE Computer Education will remain difficult to achieve. It therefore recommends stronger collaboration among regulatory bodies, improved funding, and professional management of computer education programmes in line with international best practices to enhance graduate competence, employability, and national development.

THE LONG-TERM SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA

Out-of-school children (OOSC) represent a critical global challenge, with long-term socioeconomic implications that affect both individual lives and broader societal development. This paper examines the causes, consequences, and potential interventions related to OOSC, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria, which has the highest number of out-of-school children worldwide. A qualitative analysis based on secondary data from sources including UNICEF, government reports, and academic studies reveals that economic barriers, socio-cultural factors, and conflict are the primary drivers of OOSC in Nigeria. The findings highlight that being out of school significantly undermines individual development, leading to poor self-esteem, limited job prospects, and increased vulnerability to criminal involvement. At the societal level, OOSC contributes to workforce shortages, poverty cycles, and social instability, ultimately hindering sustainable development. Addressing the OOSC crisis requires targeted interventions that focus on poverty alleviation, gender equality, and conflict resolution. This study concludes that a coordinated effort between policymakers, educational institutions, and communities is essential to reintegrate out-of-school children and foster long-term national development. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of educational policies and community-based initiatives aimed at reducing the number of OOSC.